Category: Lifting

Rigging Hardware

Introduction:

This Standard applies to the construction, installation, operation, inspection, maintenance, and safe use of lifting equipment used in construction and industrial settings. This includes, but is not limited to: articulating boom, container, gantry, mobile, pedestal, portal, tower and stacker cranes; balance-lifting units; below-the hook lifting devices; cable ways; derricks; jacks; hoists; hooks; loads suspended from rotor craft; material placement systems; monorails; rigging hardware; and scrap and material handlers.

This Standard does not apply to track and automotive jacks, railway or automobile wrecking cranes, shipboard cranes, shipboard cargo-handling equipment, well-drilling derricks, skip hoists, mine hoists, truck body hoists, car or barge pullers, conveyors, excavating equipment, or equipment falling

Purpose:

This Standard is designed to:

(a) guard against and minimize injury to workers, and otherwise provide for the protection of life, limb, and property by prescribing safety requirements

(b) provide direction to owners, employers, supervisors, and others concerned with, or responsible for, its application

(c) guide governments and other regulatory bodies in the development, promulgation, and enforcement of appropriate safety directives

This hardware includes:

• shackles,
• links,
• rings,
• swivels,
• turnbuckles,
• eye bolts,
• hoist rings,
• wire rope clips,
• wedge sockets, and
• rigging blocks.

Definitions:

Abnormal operating conditions: environmental conditions that are unfavorable, harmful, or detrimental to or for the operation of a piece of detachable hardware, such as excessively high or low ambient temperatures; exposure to weather; corrosive fumes; dust laden or moisture laden atmospheres; and hazardous locations. angle of loading: the acute angle between horizontal and the leg of the rigging, often referred to as the horizontal angle.

bow, shackle: the curved portion of the shackle body opposite the pin, often referred to as the bail, the body, the die, or the bowl

dead end: the section of wire rope that is not tensioned under load

design factor: ratio between nominal or minimum breaking strength and rated load of the rigging hardware.

designated person: a person who is selected or assigned by the employer or employer’s representative as being competent to perform specific duties.

ears,shackle: portion of the shackle body which supports the shackle pin

hardware service:

• normal: service that involves use of loads at or below the rated load.

• severe: service that involves normal service coupled with abnormal rigging or operating conditions.

shackle: a U-shaped load-bearing connector designed to be used with a removable pin .

shock load: any condition which causes a momentary increase in the forces in a load-supporting component beyond the weight of the actual load being lifted.

pin, shackle: a steel bolt made to span the two shackle ears .

primary load fitting: the fitting on a rigging block that carries the highest applied load during use.

proof load: the specific load applied in performance of the proof tests.

proof test: a nondestructive load test made to a specific multiple of the rated load of the rigging hardware.

qualified person: a person who, by possession of a recognized degree in an applicable field or certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work.

rated load: the maximum allowable working load established by the rigging hardware manufacturer. The terms “rated capacity” and “working load limit” are commonly used to describe rated load.

turnbuckle: an adjustable device consisting of three primary components: a body, a right-hand threaded endfitting, and a left-hand threaded end fitting

Shackles – Selection, Use, and Maintenance:

Types and materials:

(a) Body types covered are anchor, chain, and synthetic sling (see Fig. 1).

(b) Pin types covered are screw pin and bolt-type (see Fig. 1).

(c) Shackles other than those detailed in this chapter shall be used only in accordance with recommendations of the shackle manufacturer or a qualified person.

The shackle shall have sufficient ductility to permanently deform before losing the ability to support the load at the temperatures at which the manufacturer has specified for use.

Design factor:

(a) The design factor for shackles up to and including a 150 ton rated load shall be a minimum of 5.

(b) The design factor for shackles over 150 ton rated load shall be a minimum of 4.

Rated loads:

Rated load shall be in accordance with the recommendation of the shackle manufacturer. The terms “rated capacity” and “working load limit” are commonly used to describe rated load.

Proof Test Requirements:

(a) Shackles are not required to be proof tested unless specified by the purchaser.

(b) If proof tested, a shackle shall be inspected after the test for the conditions stated.

Proof Load Requirements:

(a) The proof load for a shackle up to and including a 150 ton rated load shall be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 2.2 times the rated load unless approved by the manufacturer.

(b) The proof load for a shackle over a 150 ton rated load shall be a minimum of 1.33 and a maximum of 2 times the rated load unless approved by the manufacturer.

Identification:

Shackle Body Identification:

Each new shackle body shall have forged, cast, or die stamped markings by the manufacturer to show

(a) name or trademark of manufacturer

(b) rated load

(c) size

Shackle Pin Identification:

Each new shackle pin shall have forged, cast, or diestamped markings by the manufacturer to show

(a) name or trademark of manufacturer

(b) grade, material type, or load rating

Maintenance of Identification:

Shackle identification should be maintained by the user so as to be legible throughout the life of the shackle.

Effect of Environment:

Temperature:

When shackles are to be used at temperatures above400°F (204°C) or below
40°F (
40°C), the shackle manufacturer or a qualified person should be consulted.

Chemically Active Environments:

The strength of shackles can be affected by chemicallyactive environments such as caustic or acid substances or fumes. The shackle manufacturer or a qualified person should be consulted before shackles are used in chemically active environments.

Inspection, Repair and Removal:

Initial Inspection:

Prior to use, all new, altered, modified, or repaired shackles shall be inspected by a designated person to verify compliance with the applicable provisions of this Chapter. Written records are not required.

Frequent Inspection:

(a) A visual inspection shall be performed by the user or other designated person each day before the shackle is used. Semi-permanent and inaccessible locations where frequent inspections are not feasible shall have periodic inspections performed.

(b) Conditions such as those listed or any other condition that may result in a hazard shall cause the shackle to be removed from service. Shackles shall not be returned to service until approved by a qualified person.

Periodic Inspection:

(a) A complete inspection of the shackle shall be performed by a designated person. The shackle shall be examined for conditions such as those listed  and a determination made as to whether they constitute a hazard.

(b) Periodic Inspection Frequency. Periodic inspection intervals shall not exceed one year. The frequency of periodic inspections should be based on

(1) frequency of shackle use

(2) severity of service conditions

(3) nature of lifts being made

(4) experience gained on the service life of shackles used in similar circumstances

(5) Guidelines for the time intervals are

• (a) normal service – yearly

• (b) severe service – monthly to quarterly

• (c) special service – as recommended by a qualified person

Removal Criteria:

Shackles shall be removed from service if damage such as the following is visible and shall only be returned to service when approved by a qualified person:

(a) missing or illegible manufacturer’s name or trademark and/or rated load identification

(b) indications of heat damage including weld spatter or arc strikes

(c) excessive pitting or corrosion

(d) bent, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated, cracked, or broken load-bearing components

(e) excessive nicks or gouges

( f) a 10% reduction of the original or catalog dimension at any point around the body or pin

(g) incomplete pin engagement

(h) excessive thread damage

(i) evidence of unauthorized welding

(j) other conditions, including visible damage, that cause doubt as to the continued use of the shackle.

Repairs and Modifications:

(a) Repairs, alterations, or modifications shall be as specified by the shackle manufacturer or a qualified person.

(b) Replacement parts, such as pins, shall meet or exceed the original equipment manufacturer’s specifications.

Operating Practices:

Shackle Selection

(a) Shackles having suitable characteristics for the type of sling, load, hitch, and environment shall be selected in accordance with the shackle manufacturer’s data.

NOTE: The angle of loading affects the stress in the shackle. As the horizontal angle decreases, the stress increases in the shackle (see Fig. 2).

(b) The rated load of the shackle shall not be exceeded.

(c) Shackles that appear to be damaged shall not be used until inspected and accepted as usable under Section

Cautions to Personnel:

(a) All portions of the human body shall be kept from between the shackle, the load, and any other rigging during the lift.

(b) Personnel should stand clear of the suspended load.

(c) Personnel shall not ride the shackle.

Storage & Work Environments:

(a) Shackles should be stored in an area where they will not be subjected to damage, corrosive action, or extreme heat.

Rigging Practices:

(a) The screw pin shall be fully engaged, with the shoulder in contact with the shackle body (see Fig. 3).

(b) If a shackle is designed for a cotter pin,it shall be used and maintained in good working condition.

(c) Contact with sharp edges that could damage the shackle should be avoided.

(d) Shock loading should be avoided.

(e) The load applied to the shackle should be centered in the bow of the shackle to prevent side loading of the shackle.

( f ) Multiple sling legs should not be applied to the shackle pin.

(g) If the shackle is to be side loaded, the rated load shall be reduced according to the recommendations of the manufacturer or a qualified person (see Fig. 4).

(h) The screw pin shackle shall not be rigged in a manner that would cause the pin to unscrew.

(i) For long-term installations, bolt type shackles should be used; if screw pin type shackles are used, the pin shall be secured from rotation or loosening.

(j) Shackles should not be dragged on an abrasive surface.

(k) Multiple slings in the body of a shackle shall not exceed 120 deg included angle.

(l) When a shackle is used in a choker hitch, the pin shall be connected to the choking eye of the sling.

Shackles are used for connecting various pieces of rigging equipment together:

Used as a connecting link between items

• Strap to hoist ring or eye bolt
• Strap to strap
• Used as single attach point for multiple straps

Load rating based on:

• Size
• Material
• Many different types and sizes

Examples of shackle usage:

Side loading of screw pin and bolt type shackles results in a reduction of the working load limit

Shackle rigging practices for Crosby shackles:

Shackle rigging practices with synthetic slings:

• Folding, bunching, or pinching of synthetic slings can occur when used with shackles

• Folding, bunching, and pinching of synthetic slings reduces the sling load rating and must be avoided

Shackle rigging practices:

• Screw pins shall be fully engaged.
• If designed for a cotter pin, it shall be used and maintained.
• Applied load should be centered in the bow to prevent side loading.
• Multiple sling legs must not be applied to the pin.
• If the shackle is side loaded, the rated load shall be reduced.
• Never have the pin against the live line in a choker. The pin must go through the bow of the sling.

Shackle Do’s:

• Visually inspect shackles for any damage or wear on ring and pin.
• Insure shackles have proper identification markings.
• Finger tighten the pin into ring of shackle.
• Check for proper fit of the pin into ring.
• Check the load ratings and use according to manufacturer recommendations.

Shackle Don’s:

• Do not use a shackle if it is bent, damaged, or has been modified.
• Do not use if the shackle does not have proper identification markings.
• Do not use a tool to tighten a shackle pin.
• Do not repair, replace, or modify a shackle.
• Do not use a shackle if the pin has been replaced with a bolt.
• Do not use a hook larger than the diameter of the shackle opening.
• Never exceed the load rating.

Click the below link to download the rigging hardware safety check sheet

 Rigging_hardware-check sheet

Rigging-hardware.pep talk

Stainless_Steel (2)  Lashing  Grade10  Grade8_Spare_Parts  Grade8_Webbing  Grade8_Swivels  Grade8_products  Grade8_Lifting_Points

Stainless_Steel  General_Hardware  Blocks  Plate_Lifting_Clamps  Loadbinders  Eyebolts_Eyenuts  Hooks  Swivels

Links  Turnbuckles  Sockets  Sleeves  Wire_Rope_Clips  Thimbles  Shackles

Sling – Synthetic round sling

Synthetic round slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purposes.  The most commonly used synthetic round slings are made of nylon- or polyester-type yarns.  They have the following properties in common:

• Strength,
• Convenience,
• Load protection, and
• Economy.

Each synthetic material has its own unique properties. Certain synthetic materials perform better than others in specific applications and environments. Consult the sling manufacturer or a qualified person for a specific application or before using in and around chemical environments.

Some round slings are manufactured using materials other than nylon or polyester; consult the manufacturer for the proper selection, use, maintenance, and any hazards associated with their use.

Identification:

New slings are marked by the manufacture to show:

• The rated load for the types of hitches, and the angle upon which they are based,
• The core material,  and
• The cover material if different from core material.

In addition, slings may be marked to show:

• The name or trademark of the manufacturer,
• The manufacturer’s code or stock number, and
• The name or trademark of the manufacturer.

Rated loads:

Rated loads (capacities) for single-leg vertical, choker, basket hitches, and two-leg bridle slings are as shown in Table 26.

For angles not shown, use the next lower angle or a qualified person to calculate the rated load. Rated loads are based on:

• Material strength,
• Design factor,
• Type of hitch,
• Angle of loading (see Fig. 3), and
• Diameter of curvature over which the sling is used.

Do not use horizontal angles less than 30 degrees except as recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

The rated load for a sling in a choker hitch is the value in Table 26, provided that the angle of the choke is 120 degrees or more (see Fig. 2). For angles of choke less than 120 degrees, use the rated loads provided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

For other synthetic round sling materials and for configurations not shown, use the rated loads provided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

                Fig-2                                                                   Fig-3

Fittings:

Ensure that mechanical fittings used as part of a synthetic round sling meet the following:

• Materials are compatible with the mechanical and environmental requirements of the sling,
• Fittings have a rated load at least the same as the round sling,
• Fittings have sufficient strength to sustain twice the rated load of the sling without visible permanent deformation, and
• Surfaces are clean, and sharp edges are removed.

Inspections:

Designate a qualified person to inspect slings and all fastenings and attachments each day before use for damage or defects.

This qualified person also performs additional periodic inspections where service conditions warrant, as determined on the basis of:

• Frequency of sling use,
• Severity of service conditions,
• Nature of lifts being made, and
• Experience gained during the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.

Make periodic inspections of synthetic round slings at intervals no greater than 12 months. A good guide to follow includes:

• Yearly for normal service use,
• Monthly to quarterly for severe service, and
• As recommended by a qualified person for special and infrequent service use.

Although OSHA’s sling standard does not require you to make and maintain records of inspections, the ASME standard contains provisions on inspection records.

Table 26
Rated Load for Single-Leg Polyester Round slings:
Endless and Eye-and Eye Type
Expressed in Pounds

GENERAL NOTES:

(a) Round slings are identified by the vertical rated load shown on the sling identification. The size numbers in the first column have been adopted by the Web Sling & Tie Down Association to describe certain polyester round slings.  They are included for references only.  Other polyester round slings may have different vertical rated loads.

(b) Color guidelines for polyester round sling covers are widely used to indicate the vertical rated load of round slings; however, this is not followed by some manufacturers.  Always select and use round slings by the rated load as shown on the sling identification; never by color.

(c) For choker hitch, the angle of choke is 120 deg or greater.

Make a thorough inspection of slings and attachments. Items to look for include:

• Missing or illegible sling identification,
• Acid or caustic burns,
• Evidence of heat damage,
• Holes, tears, cuts, abrasive wear, or snags, that expose the core yarn,
• Broken or damaged core yarns,
• Welding splatter that exposes core yarns,
• Knots in the round sling body, except for core yarn knots inside the cover,
• Discoloration and brittle or stiff areas on any part of the sling,
• Pitted, corroded, cracked, bent, twisted, gouged, or broken fittings, and
• Other conditions that cause doubt as to the continued use of the sling.

Where any such damage or deterioration is present, remove the sling or attachment from service immediately.

Fig. 6 D/d Ratio

Type I

Sling made with a triangle fitting on one end and a slotted triangle choker fitting on the other end.  It can be used in a vertical, basket, or choker hitch.

Type II

Sling made with a triangle fitting on both ends.  It can be used in a vertical or basket hitch only.

Type III

Sling made with flat loop eye on each end with loop eye opening on same plane as sling body.  This type of sling is sometimes called a flat eye-and-eye, eye-and-eye, or double-eye sling.

Type IV

Sling made with both loop eyes formed as in Type III, except that the loop eyes are turned to form a loop eye which is at a right angle to the plane of the sling body.  This type of sling is commonly referred to as a twisted-eye sling.

Type V

Endless sling, sometimes referred to as a grommet. It is a continuous loop formed by joining the ends of the webbing together.

Type VI

Return-eye (reversed-eye) sling is formed by using multiple widths of webbing held edge-to-edge.  A wear pad is attached on one or both sides of the sling body and on one or both sides of the loop eyes to form a loop eye at each end which is at a right angle to the plane of the sling body

Repairing/Reconditioning:

Do not use worn or damaged slings or attachments. Discard or repair them. Use damaged slings only after they are repaired, reconditioned, and proof tested by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person using the following criteria:

• Ensure that the manufacturer or a qualified person performs repairs,
• Ensure that repairs of hooks and fittings meet ASME B30.10 and B30.26,
• Do not repair cracked, broken, melted, or damaged fittings or attachments,
• Do not repair melted or damaged internal yarns,
• Do not make any temporary repairs of round slings or fittings, and
• Mark repaired slings to identify who made the repairs.

Operating practices:

Ensure that synthetic round slings have suitable characteristics for the type of load, hitch, and environment in which they will be used and that they are not used with loads in excess of the rated load capacities described in the appropriate tables.  Consult the sling manufacturer for slings not included in the table.  Follow other safe operating practices, including:

Sling Selection

• For multiple-leg slings used with non symmetrical loads, ensure that an analysis by a qualified person is performed to prevent overloading of any leg,
• Ensure that multiple-leg slings are selected according to Table26 when used at the specific angles given in the table. Ensure that operations at other angles are limited to rated loads of the next lower angle given in the table or calculated by a qualified person, and
• Ensure that the fitting is the proper shape and size to ensure that it is seated properly in the hook or lifting device.

Cautions to Personnel:

• Ensure that all portions of the human body are kept away from the areas between the sling and the load and between the sling and the crane or hoist hook,
• Ensure that personnel never stand in line with or next to the legs of a sling that is under tension,
• Ensure that personnel do not stand or pass under a suspended load,
• Ensure that personnel do not ride the sling or the load, unless the load is specifically designed and tested for carrying personnel, and
• Do not use synthetic round slings as bridles on suspended personnel platforms.

Effects of Environment:

• Store slings in an area where they will not be subjected to mechanical, chemical, or ultraviolet damage, or to extreme temperatures, and
• When slings are exposed to extreme temperatures, follow the guidance provided by the sling manufacturer or qualified person.

Rigging Practices:

• Ensure that slings are hitched in a manner providing control of the load,
• Ensure that sharp edges in contact with slings are padded with material of sufficient strength to protect the sling,
• Ensure that slings are shortened or adjusted only by methods approved by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person,
• Ensure that, during lifting with or without a load, personnel are alert for possible snagging,
• Ensure that, in a basket hitch, the load is balanced to prevent slippage,
• When using a basket hitch, ensure that the legs of the sling contain or support the load from the sides, above the center of gravity, so that the load remains under control,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, the choke point is only on the sling body, never on a splice or fitting,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, an angle of choke less than 120 degrees is not used without reducing the rated load,
• Ensure that slings are not constricted, bunched, or pinched by the load, hook, or any fitting,
• Ensure that the load applied to the hook is centered in the base (bowl) of the hook to prevent point loading on the hook, unless the hook is designed for point loading,
• Ensure that an object in the eye of a sling is not wider than one-third the length of the eye,
• Do not shorten or lengthen a sling by knotting or twisting,
• Do not rest loads on the sling,
• Do not pull a sling from under a load when the load is resting on the sling,
• Do not drag slings on the floor or over abrasive surfaces,
• Do not allow shock loading, and
• Avoid twisting and kinking.

Proof testing:

• Before initial use, ensure that all synthetic round slings incorporating previously used or welded fittings are proof tested by the manufacturer or a qualified person.
• Other new synthetic round slings and fittings need not be proof tested, although the employer may require proof testing in purchasing specifications.

Environmental effects:

Temperature

Do not allow polyester round slings to be used in contact with objects or at temperatures in excess of 194 degrees F (90 degrees C), or below minus 40 degrees F (minus 40 degrees C).

Some synthetic yarns do not retain their breaking strength during long-term exposure above 140 degrees (60 degrees C). Consult the sling manufacturer for the effects of long-term heat exposure.

Sunlight & Ultraviolet:

Long-term exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation can affect the strength of polyester round slings. Consult the sling manufacturer for proper retirement criteria for polyester round slings subjected to long-term storage or use in sunlight.

Chemical

Chemically active environments can affect the strength of synthetic round slings. Consult the manufacturer before using a sling in such environments.

Ensure that in chemically active environments the cover is the same yarn as the load-bearing core.

Click the below link to download the inspection form for synthetic round sling

synthetic round -inspection-1

Sling – Synthetic web sling

Synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purposes.  The most commonly used synthetic web slings are made of nylon- or polyester-type yarns (Fig. 7).  They have the following properties in common:

• Strength,
• Convenience,
• Load protection, and
• Economy.

Each synthetic material has its own unique properties.

Certain synthetic materials perform better than others in specific applications and environments. Consult the sling manufacturer or a qualified person for a specific application or before using in and around chemical environments.

Synthetic webbing materials other than nylon and polyester are also used and the manufacturer should be consulted for specific data for proper use.

Identification:

New slings are marked by the manufacture to show:

• The rated load for each type of hitch, and
• The type of synthetic web material.

In addition, slings may be marked to show:

• The manufacturer’s code or stock number, and
• The name or trademark of the manufacturer.

Fig-7

GENERAL NOTE:  Ensure that fittings designed for synthetic slings are used.

Rated loads:

Rated loads (capacities) for single-leg vertical, choker, basket hitches, and two-leg bridle slings are as shown in Tables 21 through 25.

For angles not shown, use the next lower angle or a qualified person to calculate the rated load. Rated loads are based on:

• Material strength,
• Design factor,
• Type of hitch,
• Angle of loading (see Fig. 3),
• Diameter of curvature over which the sling is used, and
• Fabrication efficiency.

Do not use horizontal angles less than 30 degrees except as recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

The rated load for a sling in a choker hitch is the value in Tables 21 through 25, provided that the angle of the choke is 120 degrees or more (see Fig. 2).  For angles of choke less than 120 degrees, use the reduced rated load values provided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person. For other synthetic webbing materials and for configurations not shown, use the rated loads provided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

Fittings:

Ensure that mechanical fittings used as part of a synthetic web sling meet the following:

• Materials are compatible with the mechanical and environmental requirements of the sling,
• Fittings have a rated load at least the same as the synthetic webbing sling,
• Fittings have sufficient strength to sustain twice the rated load of the sling without visible permanent deformation, and
• Surfaces are clean, and sharp edges are removed.

Table 21
Rated Load for One-ply, Class 5 Synthetic Webbing Slings
Expressed in Pounds

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The rated loads are based on stuffer weave construction webbing with a minimum certified tensile strength of 6,800 pounds per inch of width of the webbing.
(b) Rated loads for Types III and IV slings apply to both tapered and non tapered eye constructions.  Rated loads for Type V slings are based on non tapered webbing.
(c) For Type VI slings, consult the manufacturer for rated loads.
(d) For choker hitch, the angle of choke is 120 deg or greater.

Fig-2

Table 22
Rated Load for Two-Ply, Class 5 Synthetic Webbing Slings
Expressed in Pounds

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The rated loads are based on stuffer weave construction webbing with a minimum certified tensile strength of 6,800 pounds per inch of width of the webbing.
(b) Rated loads for Types III and IV slings apply to both tapered and non tapered eye constructions.  Rated loads for Type V slings are based on non tapered webbing.
(c) For Type VI slings, consult the manufacturer for rated loads.
(d) For choker hitch, the angle of choke is 120 deg or greater.

Inspections:

Designate a qualified person to inspect slings each day before use for damage or defects.

This qualified person also performs additional periodic inspections where service conditions warrant, as determined on the basis of:

• Frequency of sling use,
• Severity of service conditions,
• Nature of lifts being made, and
• Experience gained during the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.

Make periodic inspections of synthetic web slings at intervals no greater than 12 months.  A good guide to follow includes:

• Yearly for normal service use,
• Monthly to quarterly for severe service use, and
• As recommended by a qualified person for special and infrequent service use.

Although OSHA’s sling standard does not require you to make and maintain records of inspections, the ASME standard contains provisions on inspection records.

Make a thorough inspection of slings and attachments. Items to look for include:

• Missing or illegible sling identification,
• Acid or caustic burns,
• Melting or charring of any part of the sling,
• Holes, tears, cuts, or snags,
• Broken or worn stitching in load bearing splices,
• Excessive abrasive wear,
• Knots in any part of the sling,
• Discoloration and brittle or stiff areas on any part of the sling,
• Pitted, corroded, cracked, bent, twisted, gouged, or broken fittings, and
• Other conditions that cause doubt as to continued use of a sling.

Where any such damage or deterioration is present, remove the sling or attachment from service immediately.

Table 23

Rated Load for One-Ply,Class 7

Synthetic Webbing Slings

Expressed in Pounds

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The rated loads are based on stuffer weave construction webbing with a minimum certified tensile strength of 9,800 pounds per inch of width of the webbing.
(b) Rated loads for Types III and IV slings apply to both tapered and non tapered eye constructions.  Rated loads for Type V slings are based on non tapered webbing.
(c) For Type VI slings, consult the manufacturer for rated loads.
(d) For choker hitch, the angle of choke is 120 deg or greater.

Repairing/Reconditioning:

Do not use worn or damaged slings or attachments. Discard or repair them. Use damaged slings only after they are repaired, reconditioned, and proof tested by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person using the following criteria:

• Ensure that the manufacturer or a qualified person performs repairs,
• Ensure that repairs of hooks and fittings meet ASME B30.10 and B30.26,
• Do not repair cracked, broken, melted, or damaged webbing material,
• Do not repair load-bearing splices,
• Do not make any temporary repairs of synthetic webbing or fittings, and
• Mark repaired slings to identify who made the repairs.

Retain the certificates of proof test and make them available for examination.

operating practices:

Do not use synthetic web slings with loads in excess of the rated load capacities described in the appropriate tables.  Ensure that synthetic web slings have suitable characteristics for the type of load, hitch, and environment in which they will be used and that they are not used with loads in excess of the rated load capacities described in the appropriate tables. Consult the sling manufacturer or a qualified person for synthetic web slings not included in the tables. Follow other safe operating practices, including:

Sling Selection:

• For multiple-leg slings used with non symmetrical loads, ensure that an analysis by a qualified person is performed to prevent overloading of any leg,
• Ensure that multiple-leg slings are selected according to Tables 21 through 25 when used at the specific angles given in the table. Ensure that operations at other angles are limited to rated loads of the next lower angle given in the table or calculated by a qualified person, and
• Ensure that the fitting is the proper shape and size to ensure that it is seated properly in the hook or lifting device.

Table 25

Rated Load for Four-Ply, Class 7

Synthetic Webbing Slings

Expressed in Pounds

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The rated loads are based on stiffer weave construction webbing with a minimum certified tensile strength of 9,800 pounds per inch of width of the webbing.
(b) Rated loads for Types III and IV slings apply to both tapered and non tapered eye constructions.  Rated loads for Type V slings are based on non tapered webbing.
(c) For Type VI slings, consult the manufacturer for rated loads.
(d) For choker hitch, the angle of choke is 120 deg or greater.

Cautions to Personnel:

• Ensure that all portions of the human body are kept away from the areas between the sling and the load and between the sling and the crane or hoist hook,
• Ensure that personnel never stand in line with or next to the legs of a sling that is under tension,
• Ensure that personnel do not stand or pass under a suspended load,
• Ensure that personnel do not ride the sling or the load, unless the load is specifically designed and tested for carrying personnel, and
• Do not use synthetic webbing slings as bridles on suspended personnel platforms.

Effects of Environment:

• Store slings in an area where they will not be subjected to mechanical, chemical, or ultraviolet damage, or to extreme temperatures,
• When slings are exposed to extreme temperatures, follow the guidance provided by the sling manufacturer or qualified person.
• Consult the sling manufacturer for recommended inspection procedures when nylon or polyester webbing slings are extensively exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet light.

Rigging Practices:

• Ensure that slings are hitched in a manner providing control of the load,
• Ensure that sharp edges in contact with slings are padded with material of sufficient strength to protect the sling,
• Ensure that slings are shortened or adjusted only by methods approved by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person,
• Ensure that, during lifting with or without a load, personnel are alert for possible snagging,
• Ensure that, in a basket hitch, the load is balanced to prevent slippage,
• When using a basket hitch, ensure that the legs of the sling contain or support the load from the sides, above the center of gravity, so that the load remains under control,
• Do not drag slings on the floor or over abrasive surfaces,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, the choke point is only on the sling body, never on a splice or fitting,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, an angle of choke less than 120 degrees is not used without reducing the rated load,
• Ensure that slings are not constricted, bunched, or pinched by the load, hook, or any fitting,
• Ensure that the load applied to the hook is centered in the base (bowl) of the hook to prevent point loading on the hook, unless the hook is designed for point loading,
• Ensure that an object in the eye of a sling is not wider than one-third the length of the eye,
• Do not shorten or lengthen a sling by knotting or twisting,
• Do not rest loads on the sling,
• Do not pull a sling from under a load when the load is resting on the sling,
• Do not allow shock loading, and
• Avoid twisting and kinking.

Proof testing:

Before initial use, ensure that all synthetic webbing slings incorporating previously used or welded fittings and all repaired slings are proof tested by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

Other new synthetic webbing slings and fittings need not to be proof tested, although the employer may require proof testing in purchasing specifications.

Environmental effects:

Temperature

Do not allow nylon and polyester slings to be used in contact with objects or at temperatures in excess of 194 degrees F (90 degrees C), or below minus 40 degrees F (minus 40 degrees C).

Sunlight & Ultraviolet

Long-term exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation can affect the strength of synthetic webbing slings. Consult the sling manufacturer for proper retirement criteria for synthetic webbing slings subjected to long-term storage or use in sunlight.

Chemical

The strength of synthetic webbing slings can be degraded by chemically active environments. This includes exposure to chemicals in the form of solids, liquids, vapors or fumes. Consult the sling manufacturer before using slings in chemically active environments.

Click the below link to download synthetic web sling safety check sheet

Slings natural rope synthetic rope & synthetic-web

Sling – Natural and Synthetic fiber rope sling

Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings are used primarily for temporary work, such as construction and painting jobs, and in marine operations. Fiber rope slings are pliant, grip loads well, and do not mar the surface of the load.

The most common constructions for fiber rope slings are 3-strand laid, 8-strand plaited, and hollow braided nylon and polyester. Fiber rope slings have the following properties in common:

• Strength,
• Safety,
• Convenience,
• Load protection,
• Long life,
• Economy,
• Shock absorbency, and
• Temperature resistance.

Identification:

New slings are marked by the manufacture to show:

• The rated load for the types of hitches, and the angle upon which they are based,
• The name or trademark of the manufacturer,
• The manufacturer’s code or stock number, and
• The type of material and construction.

Rated loads:

Rated loads (capacities) for single-leg vertical, choker, and basket hitches are as shown in Tables 18 through 20. 

For angles not shown, use the next lower angle or a qualified person to calculate the rated load. Rated loads are based on:

• Material strength,
• Design factor
• Type of hitch (see Fig. 5),
• Angle of loading (see Fig. 3), and
• Diameter of curvature over which the sling is used (D/d) (see Fig. 6).

Do not use horizontal angles less than 30 degrees except as recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

The rated load for a sling in a choker hitch is the value in Tables 18 through 20, provided that the angle of the choke is 120 degrees or more.  For angles of choke less than 120 degrees, use the rated loads provided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

For other synthetic materials and for configurations not shown, use the rated loads provided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

Fig-3

Fig-5

End attachments:

Ensure that mechanical fittings used as part of a synthetic sling meet the following:

• Materials are compatible with the mechanical and environmental requirements of the sling,
• A qualified person verifies the suitability of mechanical or socketed fittings,
• Fittings have sufficient strength to sustain twice the rated load of the sling,
• Surfaces are clean and sharp edges are removed,
• Used, repaired, or welded fittings are proof tested to twice the rated load,
• Aluminum fittings are not used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists, or liquids of alkalies or acids are present,
• Fitting openings have the proper shape and size to ensure that the fitting will seat properly,
• Thimbles are used in the sling whenever possible,
• Thimbles have closed ears to prevent them from falling out or rotating inside the eye, and
• Thimbles have a diameter at the bearing surface of at least twice the rope diameter.

Splicing:

Ensure that spliced synthetic fiber rope slings have been spliced in accordance with the following minimum requirements, and in addition to any recommendations of the manufacturer:

• For tuck splices in three- and eight-strand synthetic ropes, no less than four full tucks are used. Short splices contain at least eight full tucks, four on each side of the center splice,
• In manila rope, eye splices consist of at least three full tucks, and short splices consist of at least six full tucks, three on each side of the splice center line,
• Strand-end tails in all tuck splices are not trimmed short, and
• Synthetic rope slings have a minimum length of ten times the rope diameter between the last tuck of tuck splices or between the ends of the buried tails or strands of other types of splices. The diameter and width of the bearing surface of the fitting can affect the strength of the sling.  Follow the sling manufacturer’s recommendations when fittings are used with the sling. Do not use knots, clips, or clamps to fabricate slings. If thimbles do not have ears, lash the thimbles to the rope to prevent rotation.

Table 18

Nylon Rope Slings

Based on Design Factor = 5 and Rated Loads Expressed in pounds (lb)

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) See Fig. 8 for sling types, Fig. 5 for hitch types, and Fig. 3 for sling angle descriptions. For D/d considerations see note in Fig. 5.
(b) For choker hitch, the angle of choke is 120 deg or greater.

Table 20

Polypropylene Rope Slings

Based on Design Factor = 5 and Rated Loads Expressed in pounds (lb)

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) See Fig. 8 for sling types, Fig. 5 for hitch types, and Fig. 3 for sling angle descriptions. For D/d considerations see note in Fig. 5.
(b) For choker hitch, the angle of choke is 120 deg or greater.

Inspections:

Designate a qualified person to inspect slings and all fastenings and attachments each day before use for damage or defects.

This qualified person also performs additional periodic inspections where service conditions warrant, as determined on the basis of:

• Frequency of sling use,
• Severity of service conditions,
• Nature of lifts being made, and
• Experience gained during the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.

Make periodic inspections of natural and synthetic fiber rope slings at intervals no greater than 12 months.  A good guide to follow includes:

• Yearly for normal service use,
• Monthly to quarterly for severe service use, and
• As recommended by a qualified person for special and infrequent service use.

Although OSHA’s sling standard does not require you to make and maintain records of inspections, the ASME standard contains provisions on inspection records.

Make a thorough inspection of slings and attachments. Items to look for include:

• Missing or illegible sling identifications,
• Cuts, gouges, areas of extensive fiber breakage along the length and abraded areas on the rope,
• Damage of 10 percent or more of the ropes diameter,
• Uniform fiber breakage along the major part of the length of the rope in the sling such that the entire rope appears covered with fuzz or whiskers,
• Fiber breakage or melted fiber inside the rope that appears along the length at the same relative position and involves damage estimated at 10 percent of the fiber in the strand at that point,
• Discoloration and brittle or stiff areas on any part of the sling,
• Excessive dirt and grit in the interior of the rope structure,
• Foreign matter that has permeated the rope and attracts and holds grit,
• Kinks, distortion, or other damage in the rope structure,
• Melted or charred areas that affect more than 10 percent of the diameter of the rope or affect several adjacent strands along the length to more than 10 percent of their individual diameters.
• Poor condition of thimbles or other fittings manifested by corrosion, cracks, distortion, or localized wear, and
• Other conditions that cause doubt as to continued use of the sling.

Where any such defect or deterioration is present, remove the sling or attachment from service immediately.

Repairing/Reconditioning:

Do not use worn or damaged slings or attachments. Do not use repaired or reconditioned fiber rope slings.  Do not use old or used rope to make up a fiber rope sling.

Modifications or alterations to end attachments or fittings are considered a repair.

Operating practices:

Ensure that natural and synthetic fiber rope slings have suitable characteristics for the type of load, hitch, and environment in which they will be used and that they are not used with loads in excess of the rated load capacities described in the appropriate tables.  Follow other safe operating practices, including:

Sling Selection:

• For multiple-leg slings used with non symmetrical loads, ensure that an analysis by a qualified person is performed to prevent overloading of any leg,
• Ensure that multiple-leg slings are selected according to Tables 18 through 20 when used at the specific angles given in the table. Ensure that operation at other angles is limited to rated loads of the next lower angle given in the table or calculated by a qualified person,
• When D/d ratios (see Fig. 6) smaller than those cited in Fig. 5 are necessary, ensure that the rated load of the sling is decreased. Consult the sling manufacturer or a qualified person, and
• Do not use a component unless it is of the proper shape and size to ensure that it is properly seated in the hook or lifting device.

Cautions to Personnel

• Ensure that all portions of the human body are kept away from the area between the sling and the load and between the sling and the crane or hoist hook,
• Ensure that personnel never stand in line with or next to the legs of a sling that is under tension,
• Ensure that personnel do not stand or pass under a suspended load,
• Ensure that personnel do not ride the sling or the load, unless the load is specifically designed and tested for carrying personnel, and
• Do not use synthetic rope slings as bridles on suspended personnel platforms.

Effects of Environment:

• Store slings in an area where they will not be subjected to mechanical, chemical, or ultraviolet damage, or to extreme temperatures,
• When slings are exposed to extreme temperatures, follow the guidance provided by the sling manufacturer or qualified person.
• Do not store fiber ropes in areas where they may become impregnated with rust, and
• Ensure that slings exposed to salt water are thoroughly rinsed with fresh water to prevent mechanical damage from salt crystals when the rope dries.

Rigging Practices

• Ensure that slings are hitched in a manner providing control of the load,
• Ensure that sharp edges in contact with slings are padded with material of sufficient strength to protect the sling,
• Ensure that slings are shortened or adjusted only by methods approved by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person,
• Ensure that, during lifting with or without a load, personnel are alert for possible snagging,
• Ensure that, in a basket hitch, the load is balanced to prevent slippage,
• When using a basket hitch, ensure that the legs of the sling contain or support the load from the sides, above the center of gravity, so that the load remains under control,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, the choke point is only on the sling body, never on a splice or fitting,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, an angle of choke less than 120 degrees is not used without reducing the rated load,
• Ensure that slings are not constricted, bunched, or pinched by the load, hook, or any fitting,
• Ensure that the load applied to the hook is centered in the base (bowl) of the hook to prevent point loading on the hook, unless the hook is designed for point loading,
• Ensure that an object in the eye of a sling is not wider than one-third the length of the eye,
• Ensure that the sling and the load are not allowed to rotate when hand-tucked slings are used in a single-leg vertical lift application. Ensure that care is taken to minimize sling rotation.
• Do not shorten or lengthen a sling by knotting or twisting,
• Do not rest loads on the sling,
• Do not pull a sling from under a load when the load is resting on the sling,
• Do not drag slings on the floor or over abrasive surfaces,
• Do not allow shock loading, and
• Avoid twisting and kinking.

Proof testing:

Before initial use, ensure that all new natural and synthetic fiber rope slings incorporating previously used or welded fittings and all repaired slings are proof tested by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

Other new natural and synthetic fiber rope slings need not be proof tested, although the employer may require proof testing in purchasing specifications.

Environmental effects:

Temperature

Do not allow natural and synthetic fiber rope slings to be used in contact with objects or at temperatures in excess of 194 degrees F (90 degrees C), or below minus 40 degrees F (minus 40 degrees C).

Some synthetic yarns do not retain their breaking strength during long-term exposure above 140 degrees (60 degrees C). Consult the sling manufacturer for the effects of long-term heat exposure.

Sunlight & Ultraviolet

Long-term exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation can affect the strength of natural, nylon and polyester rope slings. Consult the sling manufacturer for proper retirement criteria for nylon and polyester ropes subjected to long-term storage or use in sunlight.

Chemical

Chemically active environments can affect the strength of natural and synthetic fiber rope slings. Consult the manufacturer before using a sling in such environments. Also, the presence of rust in wet nylon ropes has been found to be potentially harmful.

Click the below link to download the check sheet for natural and synthetic web sling

Slings natural rope synthetic rope & synthetic-web

Sling – Metal Mesh slings

Metal mesh slings are widely used in metalworking and in other industries where loads are abrasive, hot, or will tend to cut web slings. Unlike nylon and wire rope slings, metal mesh slings resist abrasion and cutting. Metal mesh slings grip the load firmly without extensive stretching, easily maintaining balanced loads. Un coated metal mesh slings withstand temperatures up to 550 degrees F (288 degrees C).

Metal mesh slings combine alloy steel fittings joined to the steel mesh. Fittings are sometimes plated for protection and better visibility. Metal mesh slings have the following properties:

• Smooth, flat bearing surfaces,
• Carbon steel mesh that resists corrosion and abrasion, and
• Flexible mesh that conforms to irregular shapes.

Materials other than carbon steel are available for metal mesh slings, such as alloy steel for higher rated loads and stainless steel for corrosive environments.

Identification:

New slings are marked by the manufacture to show:

• The rated load for vertical basket hitch and choker hitch loadings.

In addition, slings may be marked to show:

• The rated load for the types of hitches, and the angle upon which they are based,
• The width and gauge, and
• The name or trademark of the manufacturer.

Rated loads:

Rated loads (capacities) for single-leg vertical, choker, and basket hitches are as shown in Table 17.

For angles not shown, use the next lower angle or a qualified person to calculate the rated load. Rated loads are based on:

• Material strength,
• Design factor,
• Type of hitch, and
• Angle of loading.

Do not use horizontal angles less than 30 degrees except as recommended by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

The rated load for a sling in a choker hitch is the value shown in Table 17, provided that the angle of the choke is 120 degrees or more.  For angles of choke less than 120 degrees, use the rated loads provided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

For other materials and for configurations not shown, use the rated loads provided by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

Attachments and components:

Use end fittings with a rated load that is at least the same as the metal mesh sling.

Ensure that end fittings have sufficient strength to sustain twice the rated load of the sling without visible permanent deformation.

Ensure that all surfaces of end fittings are cleanly finished and that sharp edges are removed.

Do not apply coatings that diminish the rated capacity of the sling.

Inspections:

Designate a qualified person to inspect slings and all fastenings and attachments each day before use for damage or defects.

This qualified person also performs additional periodic inspections where service conditions warrant, as determined on the basis of:

• Frequency of sling use,
• Severity of service conditions,
• Nature of lifts being made, and
• Experience gained during the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.

Make periodic inspections of metal mesh slings at intervals no greater than 12 months.  A good guide to follow includes:

• Yearly for normal service use,
• Monthly to quarterly for severe service use, and
• As recommended by a qualified person for special and infrequent service use.

Although OSHA’s sling standard does not require you to make and maintain records of inspections, the ASME standard contains provisions on inspection records.

Make a thorough inspection of slings and attachments. Items to look for include:

• Broken wires in any part of the mesh,
• Broken weld or broken brazed joint along the sling edge,
• Reduction in wire diameter of 25 percent or more due to abrasion or 15 percent or more due to corrosion,
• Lack of flexibility due to distortion of the mesh,
• Distortion of the choker fitting so that the depth of the slot is increased by more than 10 percent,
• Distortion of either end fitting so that the width of the eye opening is decreased by more than 10 percent,
• A 15 percent or more reduction of the original cross-sectional area of any point around the hook opening of the end fitting,
• Visible distortion of either end fitting out of its plane,
• Cracked end fitting,
• Sling in which the spirals are locked or without free articulation,
• Fittings that are pitted, corroded, cracked, bent, twisted, gouged, or broken,
• Missing or illegible sling identifications, and
• Other conditions that cause doubt as to continued use of the sling.

Where any such defect or deterioration is present, remove the sling or attachment from service immediately.

Make a thorough inspection of slings and attachments. Items to look for include:

• Broken wires in any part of the mesh,
• Broken weld or broken brazed joint along the sling edge
• Reduction in wire diameter of 25 percent or more due to abrasion or 15 percent or more due to corrosion,
• Lack of flexibility due to distortion of the mesh,
• Distortion of the choker fitting so that the depth of the slot is increased by more than 10 percent,
• Distortion of either end fitting so that the width of the eye opening is decreased by more than 10 percent,
• A 15 percent or more reduction of the original cross-sectional area of any point around the hook opening of the end fitting,
• Visible distortion of either end fitting out of its plane,
• Cracked end fitting,
• Sling in which the spirals are locked or without free articulation,
• Fittings that are pitted, corroded, cracked, bent, twisted, gouged, or broken,
• Missing or illegible sling identifications, and
• Other conditions that cause doubt as to continued use of the sling.

Where any such defect or deterioration is present, remove the sling or attachment from service immediately.

Table 17
Rated Load for Metal Mesh Slings
Based on Design Factor = 5

GENERAL NOTE: For choker hitch, the angle of choke is 120 deg or greater.

Rigging Practices:

• Ensure that the load is evenly distributed across the width of the metal mesh,
• Ensure that slings are hitched in a manner providing control of the load,
• Ensure that sharp edges in contact with slings are padded with material of sufficient strength to protect the sling,
• Ensure that slings are shortened or adjusted only by methods approved by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person,
• Ensure that, during lifting with or without a load, personnel are alert for possible snagging,
• Ensure that, in a basket hitch, the load is balanced to prevent slippage,
• When using a basket hitch, ensure that the legs of the sling contain or support the load from the sides, above the center of gravity, so that the load remains under control,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, the choke point is only on the sling body, never on a fitting,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, an angle of choke less than 120 degrees is not used without reducing the rated load,
• Ensure that slings are not constricted, bunched, or pinched by the load, hook, or any fitting,
• Ensure that, in a choker hitch, the load is balanced to prevent edge overload,
• Do not rest loads on the sling,
• Do not pull a sling from under a load when the load is resting on the sling,
• Do not drag slings on the floor or over abrasive surfaces,
• Do not straighten a spiral or cross rod or force a spiral into position,
• Ensure that slings used in pairs are attached to a spreader beam,
• Do not allow shock loading, and
• Avoid twisting and kinking.

Proof testing:

Before initial use, ensure that each new, repaired, or reconditioned metal mesh sling, including all welded components in the sling assembly, is proof tested by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.

Ensure that coated slings are proof tested before the coating is applied.

Environmental effects:

You may use metal mesh slings without a rated load reduction in temperatures ranging from minus 20 degrees F (minus 29 degrees C) to 550 degrees F (288 degrees C) except elastomer-coated slings.

You may only use elastomer-coated slings in temperature ranges of 0 deg F (minus 18 degrees C) to 200 degrees F (93 degrees C).

Consult the sling manufacturer for temperatures outside of these ranges.

Chemically active environments can affect the strength of metal mesh slings. Consult the manufacturer before using a sling in such environments.

Click the below link to download the safety check sheet for metal mesh sling

Slings steel chain wire rope & metal-mesh