Category: Chemical

Introduction:

This page contains straightforward advice on how to use rechargeable batteries safely. Following it can greatly reduce the risks involved. The advice is aimed at supervisors, technicians, safety professionals and others involved in:

•  motor vehicle repair and maintenance;

•  IT and telecommunications;

•  uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems;

•  warehousing and materials-handling;

•  stand-by electricity generation;

•  using or repairing electric or hybrid vehicles.

Batteries are used to store electrical energy. Many of the things we use every day rely on the instant power provided by batteries. However, the larger batteries found in workplaces can be dangerous and may explode if used incorrectly.

Injuries from batteries include serious chemical burns to the face, eyes and hands, and wounds from flying pieces of metal and plastic. Burns from metal objects that have become very hot or have exploded after short-circuiting the battery’s terminals occur frequently. Serious electric shocks and burns are common in accidents involving high-voltage battery packs.

Types of battery:

There are two main classes of battery: those that can be recharged and those that cannot. This page gives advice about how to reduce the risks of using rechargeable batteries.

The two most important types of rechargeable battery are lead/acid and alkaline.  Lead/acid batteries are the most common large-capacity rechargeable batteries. There is one in almost every car, motorcycle and wagon on the road. They are often used in electric vehicles, such as fork-lift trucks, and in the UPS of computer/communication, process and machinery control systems.

Alkaline rechargeable batteries, such as nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium ion, are widely used in small items such as laptop computers. Large-capacity versions of these cells are now used in transport and UPS applications.

There are two different types of lead/acid and alkaline rechargeable batteries: valve-regulated (‘maintenance-free’) and vented. In valve-regulated batteries, any hydrogen and oxygen produced during charging does not escape but is converted back into water. You cannot add water to these batteries, as they do not need topping up.

In contrast, vented batteries allow any hydrogen and oxygen produced to escape into the surrounding atmosphere. They require regular topping up with water.

Hazards:

Chemical:

Batteries are usually filled with solutions (electrolytes) containing either sulfuric acid or potassium hydroxide. These very corrosive chemicals can permanently damage the eyes and produce serious chemical burns to the skin. Sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide are also poisonous if swallowed

The lead, nickel, lithium or cadmium compounds often found in batteries are harmful to humans and animals. These chemicals can also seriously damage the environment.

If you own a battery, it is your job to dispose of it properly and without causing unnecessary pollution when it is no longer useful. Many battery-suppliers and scrap metal dealers will do this for you. Transporting scrap batteries by road is subject to certain rules. At the time of publication, these apply when more than six scrap batteries are being moved to a disposal site. You can get up-to-date advice on the proper way to dispose of batteries from your local council or from the Environment Agency.

Explosion:

Hydrogen and oxygen are usually produced inside a battery when it is being charged. A source of ignition – for example, a flame, a spark, a cigarette or any hot object, electrical equipment, a mobile phone – will often cause mixtures of these gases to ignite and explode. The explosion is often so violent that it shatters the battery and produces a highly dangerous shower of fragments and corrosive chemicals.

Hydrogen and oxygen are produced more quickly as the battery gets close to being fully charged. If you continue charging after the battery is fully charged, a lot of gas will be produced, greatly increasing the risk from explosion.

During charging, gas bubbles often become trapped inside the battery. The mixture of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen produced is perfect for an explosion. When a vented battery is moved, the trapped gases are released into the air around the battery. A tiny spark is all that is needed to ignite the gases. If  this happens in a confined space (eg inside the battery, or in an enclosure or a poorly ventilated battery room), a violent explosion is likely.

Electrical:

Batteries contain a lot of stored energy. Under certain circumstances this energy may be released very quickly and unexpectedly. This can happen when the terminals are short-circuited, for example with an uninsulated metal spanner or screwdriver.

When this happens, a large amount of electricity flows through the metal object, making it very hot very quickly. If it explodes, the resulting shower of molten metal can cause serious burns and ignite any explosive gases present around the battery. The sparks can give out enough ultra-violet (UV) light to damage the eyes.

Most batteries produce quite low voltages, and so there is little risk of electricm shock. However, some large batteries produce more than 120 volts DC. To protect people from the real danger of electric shock,1 you should:

• Ensure that live conductors are effectively insulated or protected.

•  Display suitable notices/labels warning of the danger.

•  Control access to areas where dangerous voltages are present.

The risks in charging an industrial battery:

The charging of lead-acid batteries can be hazardous. However, many workers may not see it that way since it is such a common activity in many workplaces. The two primary risks are from hydrogen gas formed when the battery is being charged and the sulfuric acid in the battery fluid.

For general safety precautions when working with batteries, please see the OSH Answers Garages – Batteries which covers automotive vehicle sized batteries.

For specific guidelines regarding large industrial batteries, check with the manufacturer for recommended safe work procedures.                                 

Risk of an explosion:

When batteries are being recharged, they generate hydrogen gas that is explosive in certain concentrations in air (explosive limits are 4.1 to 72 percent hydrogen in air). The ventilation system can exchange an adequate amount of fresh air for the number of batteries being charged. This is essential to prevent an explosion. Also, no flame, burning cigarette, or other source of ignition should be permitted in the area.

Handling the batteries:

You can get a skin burn when handling lead-acid batteries. Sulfuric acid is the acid used in lead-acid batteries and it is corrosive. If a worker comes in contact with sulfuric acid when pouring it or when handling a leaky battery, it can burn and destroy the skin. It is corrosive to all other body tissues. For example, the eyes, respiratory tract, or digestive system can be harmed severely if a worker gets a splash in the eyes, inhales sulfuric acid mist or accidentally ingests sulfuric acid. As with any corrosive chemical, proper handling procedures must be followed to prevent contact with the liquid. This includes the wearing of gloves, face and eye protection, and aprons that are suitable for protecting you from accidental contact with sulfuric acid. As well, adequate first aid facilities, eye wash stations and emergency showers are necessary to reduce the severity of accidental contacts.

If contact with acid occurs, flush the area (eyes, skin) immediately for at least 30 minutes with clean, lukewarm, gently flowing water. Get medical help.

Hazards involved in batteries charging:

Depending on the metal alloy composition in lead-acid batteries, a battery being charged can generate two highly toxic by-products. One is arsine (arsenic hydride, AsH3) and the other is stibine (antimony hydride, SbH3). Generally, the air levels of these metal hydride tend to remain well below the current occupational exposure limits during battery charging operations. However, their possible presence re-enforces the need for adequate ventilation systems.

How should industrial size batteries be handled?

Industrial batteries (e.g., forklifts or battery powered industrial trucks) may weigh up to 900 kg (2,000 lbs) or more.

Workers must be trained in how to safely move batteries using appropriate equipment (e.g., specially equipped forklift, battery cart, conveyor, overhead hoist, etc.)

• Batteries must be securely placed and restrained.
• Use only the appropriate tools and follow safe work procedures.

Why can you get a burn from acid when handling the batteries?

You can get a skin burn when handling lead-acid batteries. Sulfuric acid is the acid used in lead-acid batteries and it is corrosive. If a worker comes in contact with sulfuric acid when pouring it or when handling a leaky battery, it can burn and destroy the skin. It is corrosive to all other body tissues. For example, the eyes, respiratory tract, or digestive system can be harmed severely if a worker gets a splash in the eyes, inhales sulfuric acid mist or accidentally ingests sulfuric acid. As with any corrosive chemical, proper handling procedures must be followed to prevent contact with the liquid. This includes the wearing of gloves, face and eye protection, and aprons that are suitable for protecting you from accidental contact with sulfuric acid. As well, adequate first aid facilities, eye wash stations and emergency showers are necessary to reduce the severity of accidental contacts.

If contact with acid occurs, flush the area (eyes, skin) immediately for at least 30 minutes with clean, lukewarm, gently flowing water. Get medical help.

Charging:

• Raise the lid or open the doors of the battery compartment before starting to charge the battery. This will help to prevent an explosive mixture of gases building up.

• Before starting to charge a vented battery, check that the electrolyte level is just above the tops of the plates in all the cells. Top up the cells with distilled or deionised water if the level is too low.

• Make sure the charger is switched off before connecting the charging leads to the battery (unless the charger manufacturer specifies a different procedure).

• Connect the charger’s positive (+) lead to the battery’s positive terminal and the negative (-) lead to the negative terminal.

•  Check that the charging leads are securely clamped in position before switching on the charger.

• Never charge the battery faster than the battery manufacturer’s specified maximum charging rate.

• Do not remove or adjust the charging leads while the charger is switched on. Always switch it off first.

• Switch off the charger before disconnecting the charging leads from the battery (unless the manufacturer’s instructions specify otherwise).

• Allow a vented battery to stand for at least 20 minutes after disconnecting it from the charger. Carefully top up the electrolyte with distilled or deionised water to the manufacturer’s recommended level.

• Store the charging leads so that the uninsulated parts do not rest against each other or any earthed metalwork. This will prevent short circuiting if the charger is switched on suddenly.

Important to know about batteries?

Lead-acid batteries contain sulfuric acid and only trained and authorized personnel should handle them. When talking about lead-acid batteries, people usually call sulfuric acid “battery acid” or the “electrolyte”. An electrolyte is general term used to describe a non-metallic substance like acids such as sulfuric acid or salts that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

• Use extreme care to avoid spilling or splashing the sulfuric acid solution. It can destroy clothing and burn the eyes and skin.

• Always wear splash-proof goggles and protective clothing (gloves and aprons). A face shield (with safety goggles) may also be necessary.

Batteries can weigh about 14 to 27 kg (30 to 60 lb) so practice safe lifting and carrying procedures to prevent back injuries. Use a battery carrier to lift a battery, or place hands at opposite corners.

Only work with or charge batteries if you have been trained to do so.

First aid for splash some battery acid in my eyes or skin?

If the eyes are splashed with acid,

• Use an emergency eyewash/shower station if solution is splashed into the eyes.

• Immediately flush the contaminated eye(s) with clean, lukewarm, gently flowing water for at least 30 minutes, by the clock, while holding the eyelid(s) open.

• If irritation persists, repeat flushing. Neutral saline solution may be used as soon as it is available.

• DO NOT INTERRUPT FLUSHING. If necessary, keep the emergency vehicle waiting.

• Take care not to rinse contaminated water into the unaffected eye or onto the face.

• First aiders should avoid direct contact. Wear chemical protective gloves, if necessary.

• Quickly transport the victim to an emergency care facility.

If the skin is splashed with acid,

• As quickly as possible, flush the contaminated area with lukewarm, gently flowing water for at least 30 minutes, by the clock.

• If irritation persists, repeat flushing. DO NOT INTERRUPT FLUSHING. If necessary, keep emergency vehicle waiting.

• Under running water, remove contaminated clothing, shoes and leather goods (e.g., watchbands, belts). Discard contaminated clothing, shoes and leather goods.

• Transport the victim to an emergency care facility immediately.

Procedures for charging a battery:

• Charge batteries in a designated, well-ventilated area.

• Do not attempt to recharge a frozen or damaged battery.

• Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for charging rates, connections and vent plug adjustment. Properly maintained vent caps will reduce the chance of electrolyte spray.

• Unplug or turn the charger off before attaching or removing the clamp connections. Carefully attach the clamps in proper polarity to the battery.

• Rinse off batteries and clean terminals before recharging.

• Fill sulfuric acid (electrolyte) to the prescribed level before charging to reduce the possibility of the electrolyte heating up excessively. If water is added, use distilled water, not tap water.

• Turn off the charger before disconnecting the cables from the battery.

Safety tips to know when servicing batteries:

• Keep metal tools and other metallic objects away from batteries.

• Inspect for defective cables, loose connections, corrosion, cracked cases or covers, loose hold-downs and deformed or loose terminal posts.

• Replace worn or unserviceable parts.

• Tighten cable clamp nuts with the proper size wrench. Avoid subjecting battery terminals to excessive twisting forces.

• Use a cable puller to remove a cable clamp from the battery terminal.

• Remove corrosion on the terminal posts, hold-down tray and hold-down parts.

• Use a tapered brush to clean dirt from the battery terminals and the cable clamps.

• Use a battery carrier to lift a battery, or place hands at opposite corners.

• Do not lean over a battery.

Tips for handling battery solutions?

• Pour concentrated acid slowly into water: Do NOT add water into acid – the water tends to sit on top of the heavier (more dense) acid. The water can become hot enough to spatter.

• Use nonmetallic containers and funnels.

• Recap any electrolyte container and store it in a safe place at floor level.

• Do not store acid in hot locations or in direct sunlight.

• Do not store electrolyte solution on shelves or any location where the container can overturn.

• Do not squeeze or puncture a container with a screwdriver or other instrument. The acid solution may splash on face, hands, or clothing.

• Do not fill a new battery with electrolyte solution while it is in the vehicle. Fill the battery while it is on the floor, before installation.

Procedure for boost a negatively grounded battery:

The vehicle is NEGATIVELY grounded when the cable attached to the NEGATIVE post of the “dead” battery is also attached to the engine block.

To connect cables:

• Clamp one end of the red cable onto the positive post of the “dead” battery.

• Clamp the other end of the red cable onto the positive post of the booster battery.

• Clamp one end of the black cable onto the negative post of the booster battery.

• Clamp the other end of the black cable onto the engine block below and away from the “dead” battery.

• Start the engine of the booster vehicle, then the engine of the “dead” vehicle.

To disconnect cables:

• Remove the black negative clamp from the engine block of the vehicle with the “dead” battery.

• Remove the black negative clamp from the booster battery.

• Remove the red positive clamp from the booster battery.

• Remove the red positive clamp from the “dead” battery.

Procedure for boost a positively grounded battery:

The vehicle is POSITIVELY grounded when the cable attached to the POSITIVE post of the “dead” battery is also attached to the engine block.

To connect cables:

• Clamp one end of the black cable onto the negative post of the “dead” battery.

• Clamp the other end of the black cable to the negative post of the booster battery.

• Clamp one end of the red cable onto the positive post of the booster battery.

• Clamp the other end of the red cable onto the engine block below and away from the “dead” battery.

• Start the engine of the booster vehicle, then the engine of the “dead” vehicle.

To disconnect cables:

• Remove the red positive clamp from the engine block of the vehicle with the “dead” battery.

• Remove the red positive clamp from the booster battery.

• Remove the black negative clamp from the booster battery.

• Remove the black negative clamp from the “dead” battery.

Calculating ventilation requirements:

This section gives detailed technical advice on how to reduce the risk from fire and explosion when batteries are charged.

Once the maximum charging current is known, the rate at which hydrogen is released during charging can be calculated. With this information it is possible to determine the airflow needed to provide effective ventilation and avoid a flammable atmosphere forming in the charging area. This approach may enable all but the immediate vicinity of the battery to be identified as non-hazardous when a hazardous area classification is carried out.

In most situations, a zone 1 hazardous area (flammable atmosphere likely to be present) should be considered to exist for up to one metre in all directions around batteries under charge. All equipment present within the hazardous zone should be suitable and should be constructed and maintained to an appropriate standard.

Calculating the ventilation necessary for safe charging:

Mixtures with air containing from 4% hydrogen (lower explosion limit – LEL) to 75% hydrogen (upper explosion limit – UEL) will readily ignite and explode. Consequently, providing effective ventilation is one way of preventing a flammable mixture of hydrogen and air/oxygen accumulating.

The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (DSEAR) require that ‘adequate ventilation should maintain the average concentration of dangerous substances during normal operation to below that which could form an explosive atmosphere’.8 Sufficient ventilation should be provided to ensure that the concentration of hydrogen is diluted well below the LEL.

The size of the ‘margin of safety’ provided by dilution ventilation should reflect the risk to people. In charging areas that people enter (workrooms) the concentration of hydrogen should not exceed 0.4% vol/vol (10% of the LEL). When charging takes place in an enclosure that people do not enter, the concentration of hydrogen should not exceed 1% vol/vol (25% of the LEL).

Effective dilution depends on several factors. These include the rate of hydrogen production; the location of the battery within the area; the shape and size of the area; and anything that would impede the natural circulation of air. However, in relatively uncongested areas natural ventilation is often sufficient to provide effective dilution.

The buoyancy of hydrogen causes it to rise from the battery and accumulate against ceilings or bulkheads. Consequently, charging areas and battery compartments or enclosures should be equipped with appropriate air vents, ie inlets at low level and outlets at high level. These should be located in two opposing exterior walls or in a door and an opposing exterior wall.

Minimum area of inlet/outlet needed = 0.3 x N x I x S cm2
Where
N = number of cells in the battery(ies)
I = the overcharging current (amps)
S = the appropriate dilution factor; 10 for workrooms, 4 for enclosures

If natural ventilation is insufficient to achieve the required level of ventilation, suitable mechanical means should be used. The ventilation air must be drawn from and discharged to a safe place. An alarm system should be installed to detect build-up of hydrogen or failure of mechanical ventilation and to isolate electrical equipment in the area.

Do…

• Wear gloves and suitable eye protection, preferably goggles or a visor.

•  Wear a plastic apron and suitable boots when handling battery chemicals such as sulphuric acid or potassium hydroxide.

•  Empty your pockets of any metal objects that could fall onto the battery or bridge across its terminals.

•  Keep sources of ignition – such as flames, sparks, electrical equipment, hot objects and mobile phones – well away from batteries that are being charged, have recently been charged, or are being moved.

•  Use suitable single-ended tools with insulated handles.

•  Fit temporary plastic covers over the battery terminals.

•  Charge batteries in a dedicated, well-ventilated area.

•  Share the load with a workmate when lifting batteries – they can be very heavy.

• Use insulated lifting equipment and check there are no tools, cables or other

• clutter you could trip on.

•  Wash your hands thoroughly after working with batteries, especially before eating, smoking or going to the toilet.

And don’t….

• Work with batteries unless you have been properly trained.

•  Smoke.

•  Wear a watch, ring, chain, bracelet or any other metal item.

•  Overcharge the battery – stop charging as soon as it is fully charged.

BATTERY SIGNAG’S

Click here to download the battery station area safety check sheet

battery-safety

battery

Industrial Accident, Investigation and videos

OSHA strongly encourages employers to investigate all incidents in which a worker was hurt, as well as close calls (sometimes called “near misses”), in which a worker might have been hurt if the circumstances had been slightly different.

In the past, the term “accident” was often used when referring to an unplanned, unwanted event. To many, “accident” suggests an event that was random, and could not have been prevented. Since nearly all work site fatalities, injuries, and illnesses are preventable, OSHA suggests using the term “incident” investigation.

Investigating a Work site Incident:

Investigating a work site incident— a fatality, injury, illness, or close call— provides employers and workers the opportunity to identify hazards in their operations and shortcomings in their safety and health programs. Most importantly, it enables employers and workers to identify and implement the corrective actions necessary to prevent future incidents.

Incident investigations that focus on identifying and correcting root causes, not on finding fault or blame, also improve workplace morale and increase productivity, by demonstrating an employer’s commitment to a safe and healthful workplace.

Incident investigations are often conducted by a supervisor, but to be most effective, these investigations should include managers and employees working together, since each bring different knowledge, understanding and perspectives to the investigation.

In conducting an incident investigation, the team must look beyond the immediate causes of an incident. It is far too easy, and often misleading, to conclude that carelessness or failure to follow a procedure alone was the cause of an incident. To do so fails to discover the underlying or root causes of the incident, and therefore fails to identify the systemic changes and measures needed to prevent future incidents. When a shortcoming is identified, it is important to ask why it existed and why it was not previously addressed.

For example:

• If a procedure or safety rule was not followed, why was the procedure or rule not followed?

• Did production pressures play a role, and, if so, why were production pressures permitted to jeopardize safety?

• Was the procedure out-of-date or safety training inadequate? If so, why had the problem not been previously identified, or, if it had been identified, why had it not been addressed?

These examples illustrate that it is essential to discover and correct all the factors contributing to an incident, which nearly always involve equipment, procedural, training, and other safety and health program deficiencies.

Addressing underlying or root causes is necessary to truly understand why an incident occurred, to develop truly effective corrective actions, and to minimize or eliminate serious consequences from similar future incidents.

Chemical industries disaster, Investigation and videos

Chemical Industry

Accidents, Investigation & Videos:

Introduction:

Major industrial chemical accidents are low frequency, but highly significant events in terms of loss of lives, injuries, environmental impact and material damage. These accidents may occur in industrial process, energy-related and transport activities. They are generally associated with either large inventories of flammable, explosive, or very reactive substances or of common toxic chemicals in process industries or smaller quantities of very toxic and persistent chemicals.

The frequency and severity of these accidents seems to have increased during the last few years (Seveso, Mexico, Bhopal, Basle, etc.,). This increased frequency may be related to the rapid development of the chemical and petrochemical industries, the diversification of derived products, the increase in the size of plants, storage and carriers,the progressive industrialization in developing countries, and the proximity of plants to densely populated areas.

Chemical accidents involve a series of events starting with a technical breakdown or human error initiating uncontrollable physio-chemical phenomena, such as runaway chemical reactions, fires and explosions.These events are followed by propagation beyond the plant boundaries of toxic compounds in gaseous or liquid phase or as particulates. Damage may also be cause by the blast of explosions or the heat of fires.

Human beings and non-human targets may suffer injury from acute and/or residual exposure in the form of immediate, acute effects or long-term consequences. Action should be undertaken to prevent the occurrence of such accidents through the introduction of safer process technologies, the improved performance of safety devices, and by the reduction of human error. Once an accident occurs, engineering systems (scrubbers, flares, venting systems, etc.) should intervene to mitigate its consequences.

Major chemical disasters worldwide:

Disaster is a rarity in the chemical industry, but negligence or misfortune can so easily result in devastating consequences.

CONSIDERING THE potentially dangerous materials and processes employed in the chemical sector, most producers can be justifiably proud of their health and safety records. Occasionally, however, things do go wrong.

Aside from the immediate implications surrounding a major incident, such as loss of life, a threat to the environment or the destruction of plants and surrounding buildings, the damage to the industry’s reputation is almost irrevocable.

“The Seveso disaster [in Italy] in 1976 was a major environmental incident and the trigger that made people realize that a Europe-wide environment policy was needed it marked the birth of the [Seveso] directive,” says Verbist.

“But without doubt, Bhopal [in India] in 1984 was the most important catastrophe ever seen in the chemical industry,”he says. “At that time,chemical industry was already preparing the Responsible Care initiative, but Bhopal triggered its launch the following year.

OPPAU, GERMANY – September 21, 1921

Workers at BASF’s Oppau site, in Germany, decided that the best course of action to loosen a 4,500 tonne mound of ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium sulfate that had solidified was to detonate several dynamite charges.

The accident destroyed around 80% of the homes in Oppau and ripped the roofs off houses as far as 25km (10 miles) away.

TEXAS CITY, TEXAS, US – April 16, 1947

On the morning of April 16, 1947, a French ship -The Grand camp -was being loaded with ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizer. With over 2,000 tonnes of AN on board, a fire started in the hold. Not wanting to damage the cargo, the captain refused to use water on the flames and opted instead to control the fire using the steam system.

A 15ft (4.6m) wave swept a barge ashore, buildings were destroyed – including a Monsanto chemical plant nearby – and the ship’s anchor was found more than a mile away. There were around 3,500 injuries and 576 people were killed.

TEXAS CITY, TEXAS, US – March 23, 2005

The 2005 disaster at UK oil major BP’s Texas City refinery, in Texas, US, was considered the nation’s worst industrial disaster in 15 years.

A series of explosions occurred when a hydrocarbon isomerization unit was restarted and a distillation tower flooded with hydrocarbons. As a result, 15 were killed and another 180 were injured. BP admitted to charges and accepted fines last year, with BP America chairman Bob Malone conceding that the company was guilty of a felony “for failing to have adequate written procedures for maintaining the ongoing mechanical integrity of process equipment at the Texas City refinery.

JILIN CITY, CHINA – November 13, 2005

A series of explosions rocked China-based Jilin Petrochemical’s 70,000 tonne/year aniline complex in Northeast China, killing five and injuring 70. Benzene also leaked into the Songhua river and caused millions of people to go without drinking water, with many fleeing their homes.

BHOPAL, INDIA – December 3, 1984

A gas leak at US-based Union Carbide’s pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, is cited as one of the chemical industry’s greatest tragedies.

On December 3, 1984, methyl isocyanate gas leaked from the facility during the early hours of the morning while local residents slept. Around 2,000 people died immediately, with another 8,000 dying later.

FLIXBOROUGH, UK – June 1, 1974

In 1974, cyclohexane vapor leaked from ruptured pipework at the Nypro (UK) site at Flixborough. This resulted in an explosion that killed 28 people and injured 36.

Offsite, 53 injuries were reported. Property in the surrounding area was also severely damaged.

TOULOUSE, FRANCE – September 21, 2001

Around 300 tonnes of ammonium nitrate (AN) exploded, destroying the site and wrecking buildings 3km (1 mile) away in the city center.The blast left a crater 50m (164 feet) wide and 10m deep. It was responsible for the death of 30 people, and 10,000 injuries.

The blast left a crater 50m (164 feet) wide and 10m deep. It was responsible for the death of 30 people, and 10,000 injuries.

SCHWEIZERHALLE, SWITZERLAND – November 1, 1986

Water used to extinguish a major fire at the Sandoz chemical factory in 1986 washed chemicals into the river Rhine, one of Europe’s busiest waterways. The spill caused severe pollution, which took years to eradicate, and killed an estimated 500,000 fish.